Females exhibited higher canal aspect ratios at mid‐shaft ( P ≤ 0.014) and lower mean cortical thickness ( P ≤ 0.001). Males displayed larger diameter medullary canals proximally ( P ≤ 0.029) and an increased rate of divergence of the endosteal cortex in the proximal diaphysis ( P ≤ 0.009). Right humeri exhibited larger medullary diameters than left in the 1st and 2nd principal directions ( P ≤ 0.024). Canal orientation exhibited a conformational shift from anteversion to retroversion distally at approximately 65% BML. Retroversion was increased in right humeri relative to left ( P ≤ 0.001). Head radius was larger in males than females ( P ≤ 0.001). Sex and laterality differences in biomechanical length (BML) were observed ( P ≤ 0.001 and 0.022, respectively). Measures describing periosteal and medullary morphology were collected relative to an anatomic coordinate system. Three‐dimensional surface reconstructions of 58 pairs of cadaveric humeri (43 male, 15 female) were generated from CT data. The purpose of this study was to quantify the sex and laterality differences in humerus morphology, specifically over the diaphysis. Understanding humeral medullary morphology is necessary for informed design of upper extremity OI systems, and is beneficial to the field of megaprosthetic reconstruction of the distal humerus where diaphyseal fixation is desired. Percutaneous osseointegrated (OI) prosthetic limb attachment holds promise for transhumeral amputees.
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